務實戰(zhàn)應用文寫法精講：合同與協議的區(qū)別-2

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　　在國際貿易中，商務談判成功后，都會雙方簽合同和協議是必須的。而合同和協議里面各自都有不一樣的條款，各自的要求也不一樣，那么關于它們都各自有哪些要求呢?以下是小編給大家整理的商務實戰(zhàn)應用文寫法精講：合同與協議的區(qū)別-2，希望可以幫到大家

　　三、用詞專業(yè)(technical terms)

　　合同用詞不以大眾是否理解和接受為轉移，它是合同語言準確表達的保障。如合同出現的“瑕疵”、 “救濟”、 “不可抗力”、 “管轄”、“損毀”、 “滅失”等就可能讓非行業(yè)人士費解，在英語以上表達分別為defect、remedy、force majuere/act of god、jurisdiction、damage and/or loss)。另外幾乎每個合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as ， whereas， in witness whereof， for and on behalf of ， hereby， thereof 等虛詞。這也是合同英語的一大特色。

　　其它例子還有：

　　“賠償”用“indemnities”，而不用“compensation”

　　“不動產轉讓”用“conveyance”，而不用“transfer of real estate”

　　“房屋出租”用“tenancy”，而“財產出租”用“l(fā)ease of property”

　　“停業(yè)”用“wind up a business”或“cease (名詞是cessation) a business”，而不用“end/stop a business”

　　專利許可中的“特許權使用費”只用“royalities”

　　還款或專利申請的“寬限期”英文“grace”

　　“當事人在破產中的和解”用“composition”

　　以實物出資為“investment in kind”

　　“依照合同相關規(guī)定”一般說“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等，不說“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”

　　“合同任何一方當事人不得轉讓本合同”英文表述為“neither party hereto may assign this contract”，其中“hereto”表示“to the contract”，選用“neither party to the contract”較少。

　　3. 同義詞、近義詞、相關詞的序列

　　for value received，the undersigned does hereby sell， transfer， assign and set over to ______ all his right， tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated ______， 19____ by and between the undersigned and ______，a copy of which is annexed hereto.

　　在這里的同義詞和近義詞并列(如sell， transfer， assign and set over，right和 tile and interest)，在英文合同里十分普遍。這是出于嚴謹和杜絕漏洞的考慮，有的也屬于合同用語的固定模式。如：

　　this agreement is made and entered into by and between party a and party b.句中“made and entered into”和“by and between”兩組分別屬于同義詞和相關詞并列。

　　for and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein， the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows：句中“for and in consideration of ”， “covenants and agreements”三組同義司和近義詞并列。

　　the parties have agreed to vary the management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein. 這里的“on the terms”和“subject to the conditions”是一個意思都表示“依照本協議的條款規(guī)定”。合同條款的固定模式是“terms and conditions”

　　再例如：

　　“party a wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the effective date”，一句中的“release”和“discharge”意思幾乎相同。

　　并列的詞還有：

　　ships and vessels

　　support and maintenance

　　licenses and permits

　　charges， fees， costs and expenses

　　any and all

　　any duties， obligations or liabilities

　　the partners， their heirs， successors and assigns

　　control and management of the partnership

　　applicable laws， regulations， decrees， directives， and rules