很多同學在進行英語四六級考試時，翻譯題型是最讓人苦惱的題型。要想在英語四六級考試取得高分，那要掌握考試的技巧。下面小編就和大家分享英語增譯法翻譯技巧分享，希望能夠幫助到大家，來欣賞一下吧。

英語增譯法翻譯技巧分享

增譯法：

指根據(jù)英漢兩種語言不同的思維方式、語言習慣和表達方式，在翻譯時增添一些詞、短句或句子，以便更準確地表達出原文所包含的意義。這種方式多半用在漢譯英里。漢語無主句較多，而英語(論壇)句子一般都要有主語，所以在翻譯漢語無主句的時候，除了少數(shù)可用英語無主句、被動語態(tài)或"There be…"結(jié)構(gòu)來翻譯以外，一般都要根據(jù)語境補出主語，使句子完整。英漢兩種語言在名詞、代詞、連詞、介詞和冠詞的使用方法上也存在很大差別。英語中代詞使用頻率較高，凡說到人的器官和歸某人所有的或與某人有關(guān)的事物時，必須在前面加上物主代詞。因此，在漢譯英時需要增補物主代詞，而在英譯漢時又需要根據(jù)情況適當?shù)貏h減。英語詞與詞、詞組與詞組以及句子與句子的邏輯關(guān)系一般用連詞來表示，而漢語則往往通過上下文和語序來表示這種關(guān)系。因此，在漢譯英時常常需要增補連詞。英語句子離不開介詞和冠詞。另外，在漢譯英時還要注意增補一些原文中暗含而沒有明言的詞語和一些概括性、注釋性的詞語，以確保譯文意思的完整。總之，通過增譯，一是保證譯文語法結(jié)構(gòu)的完整，二是保證譯文意思的明確。

如：

(1)What about calling him right away?

馬上給他打個電話，你覺得如何? (增譯主語和謂語)

(2)If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.

要是我能看到四個現(xiàn)代化實現(xiàn)該有多好啊!(增譯主句)

(3) Indeed, the reverse is true

實際情況恰好相反。(增譯名詞)

(4)就是法西斯國家本國的人民也被剝奪了人權(quán)。

Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.(增譯物主代詞)

(5)只許州官放火，不許百姓點燈。

While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps. (增譯連詞)

(6)這是我們兩國人民的又一個共同點。

This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.(增譯介詞)

(7)在人權(quán)領(lǐng)域，中國反對以大欺小、以強凌弱。

In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.(增譯暗含詞語)

(8)三個臭皮匠，合成一個諸葛亮。

Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.(增譯注釋性詞語)

2020年翻譯資格考試(catti)一級筆譯材料

Clusterluck

集群之幸

Boston’s biotech hub is surviving the challenge from Silicon Valley

波士頓的生物技術(shù)中心正從硅谷的挑戰(zhàn)中幸存下來

Distance is not dead. In biotechnology, as in other tech-based industries, the clustering of similar firms is more important than ever. Some American biotech startups are based in the San Francisco and Silicon Valley area, huddled with its many digital and IT startups. But the Boston metropolitan area – and in particular Cambridge, across the Charles river from central Boston – seems to be holding its own as the world’s pre-eminent biotech hub.

距離并未消亡。與其他以技術(shù)為基礎(chǔ)的行業(yè)一樣，在生物技術(shù)領(lǐng)域，同類公司的集群比以往任何時候都更為重要。一些美國生物技術(shù)創(chuàng)業(yè)公司把總部設(shè)在舊金山和硅谷地區(qū)，跟當?shù)氐谋姸鄶?shù)字及IT創(chuàng)業(yè)公司扎堆。然而，波士頓大都會區(qū)——特別是與波士頓市中心隔查爾斯河相望的劍橋市——儼然已能與之抗衡而成為世界上卓越的生物技術(shù)中心。

The San Francisco area’s pool of venture capital is beyond compare; and a biotech-industry body there, the California Life Sciences Association, argues that California is the number one state for biomedical employment. But in part that is simply a reflection of the state’s large population, which means its health-care business is necessarily big. The Massachusetts Biotechnology Council claims that its state employs more people in biotech research and development than any other.

舊金山地區(qū)的風險投資資源是別處無可比擬的。當?shù)氐纳锛夹g(shù)行業(yè)團體“加利福尼亞生命科學協(xié)會”(California Life Sciences Association)認為，加利福尼亞是生物醫(yī)學就業(yè)第一州。但這在某種程度上只是該州龐大人口數(shù)量的表現(xiàn)，人口眾多意味著其醫(yī)療保健產(chǎn)業(yè)必然龐大。馬薩諸塞州生物技術(shù)委員會(Massachusetts Biotechnology Council)聲稱，該州在生物技術(shù)研發(fā)領(lǐng)域的就業(yè)人數(shù)超過其他任何一個州。

A study published last December by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) found that although, per head, the Boston area had fallen well behind San Francisco and Silicon Valley in creating software and internet startups, it was more or less keeping pace in life sciences. The density of research institutions in Massachusetts means that it receives $351 per head in funding from the National Institutes of Health, well ahead of the Golden State’s $88. This density of research was a reason cited by General Electric, which has a big medical-technology division, in its announcement in Janurary that it will move its group headquarters to Boston.

去年12月，麻省理工學院公布的一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，波士頓地區(qū)雖然在人均創(chuàng)建軟件和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)創(chuàng)業(yè)公司的數(shù)量上遠落后于舊金山與硅谷，但在生命科學領(lǐng)域不相上下。麻省密集的研究機構(gòu)使它從美國國立衛(wèi)生研究院(National Institutes of Health)獲得人均351美元的資金，遠超過“黃金之州”(加利福尼亞)的人均88美元。擁有龐大醫(yī)療技術(shù)部門的通用電氣1月宣布將把集團總部遷往波士頓，它提到該地區(qū)研究機構(gòu)的高密度是一大原因。

The history of the Boston area cluster can be traced to the late 1970s and early 1980s, when Biogen and Genzyme, two biotech drugmakers, were founded by scientists from nearby academic institutions. Other scientists, especially from MIT and Harvard, Cambridge’s two internationally renowned universities, followed suit and created innovative startups of their own.

波士頓地區(qū)產(chǎn)業(yè)集群的歷史可以追溯到上世紀70年代末和80年代初。當時，周邊學術(shù)機構(gòu)的科學家建立了生物技術(shù)制藥企業(yè)百健(Biogen)和健贊(Genzyme)。其他科學家紛紛效法，創(chuàng)建了自己的創(chuàng)新型創(chuàng)業(yè)公司，尤其是來自麻省理工和哈佛的科學家，這兩所國際知名大學都位于劍橋市。

This encouraged global pharmaceutical giants, struggling with poor productivity in their existing research facilities, to set up labs in and around Cambridge. Novartis of Switzerland began work on its outpost in 2002, followed by such names as AstraZeneca of Britain and Baxter of Illinois, which in 2015 spun out its Cambridge labs as Baxalta, a specialist in “orphan” diseases. In Janurary Baxalta agreed a $32 billion takeover by Shire, an Irish drugs giant.

這促使那些苦于現(xiàn)有研究設(shè)施生產(chǎn)力低下的全球制藥巨頭在劍橋及其周邊建立實驗室。瑞士諾華(Novartis)2002年開始在此設(shè)點，緊接著是英國的阿斯利康(AstraZeneca)和美國伊利諾伊州的百特(Baxter)。2015年，百特把它的劍橋?qū)嶒炇也鸱殖鰜恚闪⒘藢９ズ币姴〉腂axalta公司。今年1月，Baxalta同意被愛爾蘭制藥巨頭Shire公司以320億美元收購。

The cluster lacked a clear focal point until 2010, when MIT, the main landowner around Kendall Square – an area about a mile in all directions from the Kendall/MIT subway station in Cambridge – decided to spruce it up. One report suggests the square currently hosts firms that have absorbed about $14 billion in venture-capital investments. Silicon Valley’s overall pool of capital may be deeper, but much of it flows to areas other than biotech. And the global drug giants with outposts in the Boston area provide an alternative source of finance, and of eventual buyers for startups.

這里的產(chǎn)業(yè)集群一直缺少一個明確的中心，直到2010年，肯德爾廣場(Kendall Square)的主要所有者麻省理工學院決定把這片以肯德爾/麻省理工地鐵站為中心、半徑約一英里的區(qū)域修葺一新。一份報告表明，目前在肯德爾廣場設(shè)立的公司總共吸收了大約140億美元的風險投資。硅谷的整體風投資源可能更為深厚，但大部分資金都流向了生物技術(shù)以外的領(lǐng)域。在波士頓地區(qū)設(shè)點的全球制藥巨頭提供了另一種資金來源，也為創(chuàng)業(yè)公司增加了潛在的最終買家。

Tom Andrew of Alexandria Real Estate, a property agent specialising in science buildings, notes that the Boston area’s universities, teaching hospitals and other institutions are a sink, as well as a source, of talent. Anyone who accepts a risky job at a startup can be sure that if things don’t work out there are lots of big employers nearby to fall back on.

專注于科學樓宇的房地產(chǎn)經(jīng)紀公司“亞歷山大房地產(chǎn)”(Alexandria Real Estate )的湯姆·安得魯(Tom Andrew)表示，波士頓地區(qū)的大學、教學醫(yī)院及其他機構(gòu)既是人才之源，又是人才之庫。在創(chuàng)業(yè)企業(yè)中承擔有風險工作的所有人都可以放心，如果工作不順利，附近會有許多大雇主可以轉(zhuǎn)投。

The cluster’s promising young firms include four – Editas Medicine, CRISPR Therapeutics, Intellia and Bluebird Bio – that are working on “gene editing”, currently one of the hottest areas of biotech. WuXi NextCODE, another local startup, specialises in analysing genomes. Alnylam concentrates on drugs that interfere with RNA, the messenger molecule through which genes express themselves. Not satisfied with just editing, deciphering or blocking nature’s blueprints, Synlogic is seeking to create medicines through entirely artificial sequences of genes.

集群中有前途的新興企業(yè)包括Editas醫(yī)藥公司(Editas Medicine)、CRISPR療法公司(CRISPR Therapeutics)、Intellia和藍鳥生物(Bluebird Bio)。這四家公司正致力于研究“基因剪輯”，這是當今生物技術(shù)中最熱門的領(lǐng)域之一。另一家本地創(chuàng)業(yè)公司明碼生物科技(WuXi NextCODE)專門從事基因組分析。奧尼蘭姆公司(Alnylam)專注研究干擾RNA的藥物，RNA是基因自我表達的信使分子。Synlogic公司不滿足于只是剪輯、解碼或者阻斷基因組這一自然的藍圖，還試圖通過合成完全人工的基因序列來開發(fā)藥物。

Synlogic’s boss, Jose-Carlos Gutiérrez-Ramos, formerly of Pfizer, has worked around the world and praises the “density of intellectuals” in Boston and the opportunities that come from being able to make easy connections. With little travel time between appointments, it is easier to arrange meetings. Dan Budwick of Pure Communications, a public-relations firm which represents some of the area’s startups, says that “You can jump on a bike and see 30 companies in a mile. You can’t do that in San Francisco or Manhattan.”

Synlogic的老板、原輝瑞公司的何塞-卡洛斯·古鐵雷斯-拉莫斯(Jose-Carlos Gutiérrez-Ramos)曾在世界各地工作過，他稱贊波士頓“知識分子密集”，能夠很容易地建立人脈關(guān)系并從中找到機會。由于約會之間花費在交通上的時間很短，安排會議比較容易。代表該地區(qū)一些創(chuàng)業(yè)企業(yè)的公關(guān)公司 “單純溝通”(Pure Communications)的丹·布德威克(Dan Budwick)說：“你可以跳上一輛自行車，在一英里內(nèi)見到30家公司。這在舊金山或曼哈頓就不行。”

Boston’s tech cluster has a different vibe from Silicon Valley’s in other ways too. Edward Farmer of WuXi NextCODE says Boston’s biotech crowd are a more formal bunch, who wear proper shirts – and tuck them in. They know which fork is for the salad because salad is not the only thing they eat. Beer is the recreational drug of choice, rather than cannabis.

在其他方面，波士頓的高科技集群也與硅谷的氛圍不同。明碼生物科技的愛德華·法默(Edward Farmer)表示，波士頓的生物科技從業(yè)者舉止更規(guī)矩，他們穿合適的襯衫，還把下擺塞進褲子里。他們知道哪一個叉子是吃沙拉的，因為他們不只吃沙拉。首選的休閑毒品是啤酒而不是大麻。

The cranes sprouting across the skyline suggest more growth ahead. But demand is still running ahead of supply. In the Boston area rents for laboratory space rose by 7% last year to around $47 a square foot ($505 a square metre), compared with $37 in San Francisco. Already, some companies are having to seek space in districts like Alewife or Watertown, on the far side of Harvard’s campus.

穿越天際線不斷涌現(xiàn)的起重機表明，未來將有更多發(fā)展。但目前依然是供不應(yīng)求。在波士頓地區(qū)，實驗室的租金去年上漲了7%，達到每平方英尺47美元(每平方米505美元)，相比之下，舊金山的租金為37美元。已有一些公司在哈佛校園另一邊的埃爾維夫(Alewife)和沃特敦(Watertown)等區(qū)域?qū)ふ肄k公地點。

Though it is on a roll, the Boston biotech cluster must keep a nervous eye on its West Coast rival, especially if, in future, biotech ventures come to rely on software, wearable sensors and big-data analysis, areas in which Silicon Valley is strong. At least that is a problem it can try to address. The weather is not. The biggest annual jamboree for investors in biotech, organised by J.P. Morgan, a bank, opened in Janurary in its customary location of San Francisco. The temperature was a balmy 13o Celsius, to Boston’s shivering -1 o.

盡管順風順水，波士頓的生物技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)集群還是必須緊張地關(guān)注它在西海岸的競爭對手，尤其是假如生物技術(shù)企業(yè)今后要開始依賴軟件、可穿戴傳感器和大數(shù)據(jù)分析等硅谷強項的話。至少，這個問題是它可以試圖解決的。但天氣就不是了。生物科技投資者最大的年度盛會已于1月按慣例在舊金山舉行，活動由摩根大通銀行(J.P. Morgan)組織。當?shù)貧鉁?3攝氏度，溫暖宜人，而波士頓為零下1度，冷得讓人直打寒顫。

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