James Buchanan, Jr. was born the second of 11 children in 1791 into a well-to-do Pennsylvania family. He was gifted as a debater and graduated in law with honors in 1809. He was admitted to the bar in 1812. He was the 15th President of the United States, serving from 1857 to 1861. He is the only president never to have married and the last to be born in the 18th century.
1791，詹姆斯·布坎南出生于賓夕法尼亞州的一個富裕家庭，11個兄弟姐妹中他排行第二。他天生就有辯論的才能，并于1809年以優(yōu)異的成績畢業(yè)于法學(xué)系。1812年他參加了第二次獨立戰(zhàn)爭。他成為了第15任美國總統(tǒng)，他任職的時間是1857-1861年。他是唯一一位從未擁有過配偶的總統(tǒng)，同時，他也是18世紀(jì)誕生的最后一位總統(tǒng)。
He was elected five times to the House of Representatives; then, after an interlude as Minister to Russia,served for a decade in the Senate. He became President Polk's Secretary of State and President Pierce's Minister to Great Britain. Service abroad helped to bring him the Democratic nomination in 1856 because it had left him out of involvement in bitter domestic controversies.
他曾經(jīng)競選了5次參議院議員，之后他在參議院工作了十年的時間，在這之前他是駐俄羅斯公使。他曾經(jīng)是波爾克總統(tǒng)的國務(wù)卿，還擔(dān)任了皮爾斯總統(tǒng)的駐英國公使。在國外的工作幫助了他在1856年的民主黨提名，因為這讓他遠離了國內(nèi)激烈的論戰(zhàn)旋渦。
When Buchanan became President, the country was rapidly becoming divided. He failed to realize how seriousthe North-South divisions were over the slavery question. He never understood that the North would not accept laws that favored the South. When the Dred Scott decision arrived, stating Congress had no constitutional power to deprive persons of their property rights in slaves, the North was furious.
當(dāng)他成為總統(tǒng)時，美國正在迅速分裂。他并沒有意識到南北方在奴隸制問題上的嚴(yán)重分歧。他沒有意識到北方軍將不會接受對南方軍有利的法律。德雷德·史考特決議的達成，說明國會沒有剝奪奴隸財產(chǎn)權(quán)的法律權(quán)限，這讓北方軍大為惱火。
In 1860 his Democratic Party split into northern and southern wings. There was a power struggle in the party and several Cabinet members resigned. He appointed northerners and this lost him almost all the support he had in the south. In 1861 he sent a war ship to reinforce Fort Sumter in South Carolina. The state fired at it and it returned to New York, making Buchanan look weak. He died in 1868, aged 77.
1860年，他的民主黨分成了南北兩翼。黨內(nèi)發(fā)生了爭奪權(quán)力的紛爭，許多內(nèi)閣成員辭職。黨內(nèi)發(fā)生了爭奪權(quán)力的紛爭，許多內(nèi)閣成員辭職。他委派了北方軍，這使他失去了他在南部的所有支持。1861年，他派軍艦加強了南卡羅萊納州蘇姆特堡的進攻。敵方給予了還擊，軍艦返回了紐約，這使得布坎南顯得非常孱弱。他去世于1868年，享年77歲。
1791，詹姆斯·布坎南出生于賓夕法尼亞州的一個富裕家庭，11個兄弟姐妹中他排行第二。他天生就有辯論的才能，并于1809年以優(yōu)異的成績畢業(yè)于法學(xué)系。1812年他參加了第二次獨立戰(zhàn)爭。他成為了第15任美國總統(tǒng)，他任職的時間是1857-1861年。他是唯一一位從未擁有過配偶的總統(tǒng)，同時，他也是18世紀(jì)誕生的最后一位總統(tǒng)。
He was elected five times to the House of Representatives; then, after an interlude as Minister to Russia,served for a decade in the Senate. He became President Polk's Secretary of State and President Pierce's Minister to Great Britain. Service abroad helped to bring him the Democratic nomination in 1856 because it had left him out of involvement in bitter domestic controversies.
他曾經(jīng)競選了5次參議院議員，之后他在參議院工作了十年的時間，在這之前他是駐俄羅斯公使。他曾經(jīng)是波爾克總統(tǒng)的國務(wù)卿，還擔(dān)任了皮爾斯總統(tǒng)的駐英國公使。在國外的工作幫助了他在1856年的民主黨提名，因為這讓他遠離了國內(nèi)激烈的論戰(zhàn)旋渦。
When Buchanan became President, the country was rapidly becoming divided. He failed to realize how seriousthe North-South divisions were over the slavery question. He never understood that the North would not accept laws that favored the South. When the Dred Scott decision arrived, stating Congress had no constitutional power to deprive persons of their property rights in slaves, the North was furious.
當(dāng)他成為總統(tǒng)時，美國正在迅速分裂。他并沒有意識到南北方在奴隸制問題上的嚴(yán)重分歧。他沒有意識到北方軍將不會接受對南方軍有利的法律。德雷德·史考特決議的達成，說明國會沒有剝奪奴隸財產(chǎn)權(quán)的法律權(quán)限，這讓北方軍大為惱火。
In 1860 his Democratic Party split into northern and southern wings. There was a power struggle in the party and several Cabinet members resigned. He appointed northerners and this lost him almost all the support he had in the south. In 1861 he sent a war ship to reinforce Fort Sumter in South Carolina. The state fired at it and it returned to New York, making Buchanan look weak. He died in 1868, aged 77.
1860年，他的民主黨分成了南北兩翼。黨內(nèi)發(fā)生了爭奪權(quán)力的紛爭，許多內(nèi)閣成員辭職。黨內(nèi)發(fā)生了爭奪權(quán)力的紛爭，許多內(nèi)閣成員辭職。他委派了北方軍，這使他失去了他在南部的所有支持。1861年，他派軍艦加強了南卡羅萊納州蘇姆特堡的進攻。敵方給予了還擊，軍艦返回了紐約，這使得布坎南顯得非常孱弱。他去世于1868年，享年77歲。
