托福閱讀的題目都是選擇題，而既然是選擇題，那么選項(xiàng)中就必然會(huì)有錯(cuò)誤干擾的選項(xiàng)。今天小編給大家?guī)?lái)了托福閱讀各題型應(yīng)對(duì)錯(cuò)誤干擾選項(xiàng)高分建議分享。希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。
托福閱讀各題型應(yīng)對(duì)錯(cuò)誤干擾選項(xiàng)高分建議分享
事實(shí)題
直接事實(shí)題中，有的選項(xiàng)重復(fù)文章中的信息，但并沒(méi)有回答問(wèn)題。這樣的選項(xiàng)最容易迷惑考生。
建議：在做直接事實(shí)題時(shí)直接排除那些本身就矛盾的選項(xiàng)，同時(shí)千萬(wàn)不要因?yàn)槟硞€(gè)選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容在文章中出現(xiàn)過(guò)就選擇該選項(xiàng)，一定要回答問(wèn)題。
句子簡(jiǎn)化
有的選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容和原文相符，但忽略了原文重要信息，這樣的選項(xiàng)最容易誤導(dǎo)考生。
建議：在做題時(shí)要仔細(xì)研讀文章中所標(biāo)識(shí)的句子，根據(jù)標(biāo)點(diǎn)和關(guān)聯(lián)詞，把句子按照義群，拆分為幾個(gè)部分，學(xué)會(huì)長(zhǎng)句短讀，迅速找出句子的主句，也就是主謂賓或者主系表。
修辭
修辭目的題中，選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)的是例子，即作者說(shuō)了什么，但這種題考查的是作者為什么這樣說(shuō)。
建議：在做題時(shí)注意字眼definition, example, to illustrate, to explain, to criticize 等
推論類
推論類問(wèn)題中，選項(xiàng)重復(fù)原文信息，也就是選項(xiàng)為原文直接清楚表述的內(nèi)容，這樣的選項(xiàng)也容易誤導(dǎo)考生。
建議：注意在解答此類問(wèn)題時(shí)，不僅要理解作者所寫出的句子的字面意思，還必須搞清楚這些句子之間的邏輯性暗示。正確答案一定是從原文中已經(jīng)給出的內(nèi)容推論出來(lái)的。
主旨題
主旨題中，選項(xiàng)為細(xì)節(jié)信息或者是支持性論述，而非主要觀點(diǎn)。
建議：在做此類題型時(shí)主要考察考生對(duì)文章主要觀點(diǎn)及相對(duì)重要信息的理解和辨識(shí)能力，因此正確的答案綜合了文章的各個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，所以不會(huì)與文章中的任何一句話完全相符;欲選出正確答案考生需要在通篇文章中查找，并且在頭腦中形成文章的一個(gè)整體框架結(jié)構(gòu)，并且記清楚文章主要觀點(diǎn)和其他重要信息。
托福考試閱讀題目名師解析指導(dǎo)
【待插入句子】One example of such tropical abundance is found in Panama, which has 667 species of breeding birds一three times the number found in Alaska.
【待插入段落】 When we look at the way in which biodiversity (biological diversity) is distributed over the land surface of the planet, we find that it is far from even. The tropics contain many more species overall than an equivalent area at the higher latitudes. This seems to be true for many different groups of animals and plants. [■]
Why is it that higher latitudes have lower diversities than the tropics? [■] Perhaps it is simply a matter of land area. [■] The tropics contain a larger surface area of land than higher latitudes—a fact that is not always evident when we examine commonly used projections of Earth’s curved surface, since this tends to exaggerate the areas of land in the higher latitudes—and some biogeographers regard the differences in diversity as a reflection of this effect. [■] But an analysis of the data by biologist Klaus Rohde does not support this explanation. Although area may contribute to biodiversity, it is certainly not the whole story; otherwise, large landmasses would always be richer in species.
1.首先公布答案：1st square;
2.看到待插入句子中有one example…，這是個(gè)典型的論點(diǎn)+論據(jù)的結(jié)構(gòu)! 給我們的是論據(jù)，那么前面一定要出現(xiàn)論點(diǎn)，這樣才能和舉例子對(duì)應(yīng)起來(lái)。 之后，看看舉的是什么樣的例子——這樣的熱帶多樣性被發(fā)現(xiàn)在Panama，有667個(gè)鳥類物種，是Alaska的三倍。
3.最后讓我們來(lái)看一下待插入段落的各個(gè)句子：
P1:1st:當(dāng)我們來(lái)看生物多樣性(biodiversity)在地表分布的方式時(shí)，我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這種分布(it)不是(far from)均勻的(even)。2nd:熱帶(tropics)比同樣(equivalent)面積的高緯度(higher latitudes)地區(qū)包含了更多地物種。 3rd:這種現(xiàn)象對(duì)許多不同種類的動(dòng)植物都是正確的。
P2: 1st: 為什么高緯度有(比熱帶)更低的多樣性?
2nd: 可能只是陸地面積的緣故。(托福中經(jīng)典的自問(wèn)自答!)
3rd:熱帶(比高緯度區(qū)域)包含了更大的地表面積，有些生物地理學(xué)家把這種多樣性的差異(differnece in diversity)當(dāng)成是(regard...as)這種結(jié)果(this effect, 只帶前半句的熱帶面積更大)的反射——面積的事實(shí)(a fact)在我們看地球曲面投影圖的時(shí)候并不總是明顯的，因?yàn)橥队?this)會(huì)夸大(exaggerate)高緯度地區(qū)的陸地面積。(這一句也考到了句子簡(jiǎn)化題，注意”先大后小”的原則，破折號(hào)留到后面讀)
4th: 但是KR的數(shù)據(jù)分析并不支持這個(gè)解釋。
5th:盡管面積可能導(dǎo)致(contribute to…)生物多樣性，它當(dāng)然不是全部的理由(not the whole story);否則(otherwise),大的地表面積就應(yīng)該總是有更豐富的物種。 (言外之意是 并非如此。——考察常識(shí))
看完之后就很清楚了，第一個(gè)段落講現(xiàn)象，第二個(gè)段落講原因。而待插入的句子說(shuō)的是現(xiàn)象，所以放在第一段關(guān)于生物多樣性的論點(diǎn)后面，perfect。
語(yǔ)法積累
far from… 跟上次課講過(guò)的other than…一樣，表示否定。
more…than…;lower…than…; larger…than… 識(shí)別比較關(guān)系。
regard…as… 被認(rèn)為...
not the whole story 字面理解為“不是全部的故事”;常用的承上啟下轉(zhuǎn)移話題的短語(yǔ)。
詞匯積累
diversity 多樣性
distribute 分布
even 平均的
equivalent 等價(jià)的
reflection 反映，反射
contribute to… 導(dǎo)致
otherwise 否則
托福考試閱讀題目名師解析指導(dǎo)
(1)Between 1900 and 1920 nearly 7.5 million new urban dwellings were added to aturn-of-the-century total of 10 million. (2)In the 1920s another 5.7 million were occupied. (3)Thus by 1930 a majority of urban homes had been built within the past thirty years.
托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句解析：
難點(diǎn)在于對(duì)地道表達(dá)和句間關(guān)系的理解。
第(1)句，從1900到1920，有7.5百萬(wàn)新住房被增入世紀(jì)之初(即1900年)的10百萬(wàn)總量住房中。
第(2)句，從1920-1929，另外的5.7百萬(wàn)新住房被居住。
第(3)句，因此，截止到1929，大多數(shù)的城市住房是在過(guò)去的30年(1900-1930)建的。為什么呢?因?yàn)?.5+5.7=13.2>10，已經(jīng)超過(guò)1900前所有原住房數(shù)量了。即(7.5+5.7)/(7.5+5.7+10)>50%。
托福考試閱讀題目名師解析指導(dǎo)
1. Escape involves such actions as aestivation, a condition of prolonged dormancy, or torpor, during which animals reduce their metabolic rate and body temperature during the hot season or during very dry spells.
○ One way animals escape is by entering a state of extended dormancy, known as aestivation, during the hottest and driest times of year.
○ Animals can escape without using direct action, or aestivation, simply by reducing their metabolic rate and body temperature.
○ The actions that an animal uses to escape are known as aestivation, which sometimes involves a reduction in metabolic rate or body temperature.
○ When the weather is especially hot and dry, an animal may suffer from a condition known as aestivation, at which point the animal needs to escape.
原句中，escape involves aestivation, 后面解釋aestivation=dormancy(torpor) = reduce metabolic rate & body temperature; 最后加一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)during...
看四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，1st選項(xiàng)中one way對(duì)應(yīng)原句的involve, 后面說(shuō)明escape包含dormancy或aestivation，省略了定語(yǔ)從句which修飾dormancy，但整體跟原句相符;2nd選項(xiàng)without…不對(duì);3rd選項(xiàng)中 escape=actions=aestivation把escape的范圍縮小了; 4th選項(xiàng)中 suffer from不對(duì)，不是遭受，而是主動(dòng)選擇;此外，也未解釋escape。
碰到這種同位語(yǔ)或插入語(yǔ)很多的情況，一定要以讀懂為主，不要糾結(jié)生詞!
2. Learning appropriate social behaviors is especially important and species that live in groups, like young monkeys that needed to learn to control selfishness and aggression and to understand the give-and-take involved in social groups. ( 舉例論證)
A. Only monkeys that have learned to control their selfish and aggressive behaviors can be involved in social groups.
B. Selfish and aggressive animals like monkeys live in groups in order to practice appropriate social behaviors.
C. Some monkeys are naturally too selfish and aggressive to understand the give-and-take of social groups, so they learn such important behaviors while young.
D. Monkeys and other social animals need to learn behaviors appropriate for their social groups.
原句中，前面是論點(diǎn)后面是論據(jù)，學(xué)習(xí)合適的社會(huì)行為對(duì)群居物種很重要，舉猴子的例子。
選項(xiàng)中，D選項(xiàng)猴子和其他群居動(dòng)物需要學(xué)習(xí)behaviors，符合原句。 A選項(xiàng)only就錯(cuò)了，用論據(jù)代替了論點(diǎn);B選項(xiàng)in order to前后反了，是因?yàn)橐壕樱圆舙ractice behaviors; C選項(xiàng)直接說(shuō)some monkeys，跟A選項(xiàng)一樣，用例子代替論點(diǎn)，而且說(shuō)錯(cuò)了
復(fù)習(xí)完畢，進(jìn)入到因果關(guān)系類：
先閉上眼睛，默默回顧下有哪些詞可以表達(dá)因果關(guān)系的?
馬上想到的必須是because, 之后應(yīng)該就是for, since, as, with, 等連接詞，表示原因。此外還有表示結(jié)果的so, hence, thus等;有一個(gè)比較容易被忽略但會(huì)在閱讀中出現(xiàn)頻率非常高的是 ：v-ing, 也就是結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。
除此之外，還有美國(guó)人民非常愛(ài)用的so…that… ;
除了直接的因果關(guān)系詞之外，還有表示導(dǎo)致/歸因于的詞大家要非常關(guān)注!包括 be responsible for…, cause, lead to, give rise to…, contribute to…,result in等;以及表示explain的account for…。
一下子丟出這么些詞可能有些無(wú)從下手，我們來(lái)看下具體的題目：
1. Because the medium was so prolific, in the sense that it was possible to produce a multitude of images very cheaply, it was soon treated as the poor relation of fine art, rather than its destined successor.
O Photography did not replace other fine arts because people felt the image looked cheap in relation to the other arts.
O Photography was so cheap and readily available that it could be purchased by people who were too poor to purchase fine art.
O Photography not only spread quickly but also was a cheap art form and so became true successor of fine arts rather than its poor relation.
O Photography was not considered a true art because people could use it to create many images cheaply.
原句中，because表示因果，因?yàn)閠he medium非常prolific，后面in the sense that (在某種意義上因?yàn)?進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充prolific，prolific是因?yàn)閜roduce cheaply;所以它被當(dāng)成art的窮親戚，而非繼承者(rather...than...表對(duì)比)。
也就是說(shuō)：因?yàn)閙edium便宜，所以多，所以不被當(dāng)成fine art。
看選項(xiàng)，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都有因果關(guān)系詞，關(guān)鍵是把因和果匹配清楚;1st選項(xiàng)，說(shuō)照片沒(méi)有代替其他fine arts因?yàn)槿藗冇X(jué)得圖像看清來(lái)很便宜;結(jié)果對(duì)原因錯(cuò)，原因是照片真的便宜，不是看起來(lái)便宜。 2nd選項(xiàng)，so...that表示因果;照片太便宜以及太多，以至于買不起藝術(shù)品的人也能買;原因?qū)ΓY(jié)果錯(cuò)，結(jié)果是不被當(dāng)成藝術(shù)。 3rd選項(xiàng)，前面not only…but also表示并列，但spread quickly原句未提及;而且后面結(jié)果也說(shuō)反了。 4th選項(xiàng)，照片不被當(dāng)成true art因?yàn)樗鼙阋?雖然省略
最后，大家發(fā)現(xiàn)原句用的是medium，到選項(xiàng)卻變成photography了，這個(gè)是個(gè)很好的paraphrase，用medium媒介這個(gè)詞去替代photography。大家讀文章的時(shí)候看到這種不太熟悉的詞替換成相應(yīng)的簡(jiǎn)單詞去理解就好了。
2. Importing the grain, which would have been expensive and time consuming for the Dutch to have produced themselves, kept the price of grain low and thus stimulated individual demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods.
○ Buying imported grain led to the Dutch demanding that other foodstuffs and consumer goods be imported.
○ Keeping the price of grain low was a primary goal of the Dutch at a time when they could not produce enough grain to provide for all their needs.
○ The demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods forced the Dutch to import grain and other products at a time when maintaining low prices was especially important.
○ Because the Dutch were able to import inexpensive grain, they had money available to create a demand for other food products and consumer goods.
原句中，先不看插入的定語(yǔ)從句;進(jìn)口谷物使價(jià)格變低，因此刺激(stimulated)個(gè)人對(duì)其他消費(fèi)品的需求;定語(yǔ)從句里面說(shuō)的是，谷物如果自己生產(chǎn)就會(huì)很貴。
簡(jiǎn)而言之，進(jìn)口谷物使得對(duì)其他產(chǎn)品有需求。
選項(xiàng)中，1st選項(xiàng)，最后的other be imported信息不存在，原句只是說(shuō)有需求，沒(méi)有說(shuō)更多進(jìn)口需求;2nd選項(xiàng)， keeping price low是主要目標(biāo)，因?yàn)樗麄儾荒墚a(chǎn)生足夠多的谷物與原句不符(when表示原因);3rd選項(xiàng)，對(duì)其他消費(fèi)品的需求forced荷蘭人去進(jìn)口谷物，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前后的關(guān)系說(shuō)反了。4th選項(xiàng)，因?yàn)楹商m人進(jìn)口便宜谷物，用一個(gè)inexpensive概括了插入語(yǔ)中的定語(yǔ)從句;后面說(shuō)結(jié)果就是有錢買更多。
托福考試閱讀題目名師解析指導(dǎo)
托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句：But we need to be aware that when painters working in a naturalistic style make images that seem like untouched snapshots of actual objects, their skill can also render lifelike such fictions as a unicorn or a dragon.
托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句難點(diǎn)：大量生詞+倒裝+抽象語(yǔ)義的對(duì)應(yīng)
托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句解析：首先掃清詞匯問(wèn)題：snapshots快抓照片，render導(dǎo)致…,使…呈現(xiàn)出…，fiction此處不能理解為“小說(shuō)”，應(yīng)結(jié)合語(yǔ)境取“虛構(gòu)”之意，unicorn獨(dú)角獸。最大難點(diǎn)在“render lifelike such fictions”這個(gè)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)的處理，這是將賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)lifelike提前，正常語(yǔ)序?yàn)椤皉ender such fictions lifelike”，即“使得這些虛構(gòu)看起來(lái)栩栩如生”。(在1.7考試解析中也出現(xiàn)該考點(diǎn))。
另外，注意整句話前后的轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)應(yīng)上，“untouched snapshots of actual objects”與“l(fā)ifelike such fictions as a unicorn or a dragon”是最大的對(duì)應(yīng)，其中“actual objects(真實(shí)物體)”又與“fictions，unicorn，dragon(虛構(gòu)，獨(dú)角獸，龍)”對(duì)應(yīng)。
托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句翻譯，“但是我們需要意識(shí)到：當(dāng)致力于寫實(shí)主義風(fēng)格的畫家畫出似乎看起來(lái)未經(jīng)過(guò)任何改動(dòng)的快照一樣的真實(shí)物體的繪畫時(shí)，他們的(這種寫實(shí)主義)技藝也能夠使得這些類似獨(dú)角獸和龍一樣的虛構(gòu)物體看起來(lái)栩栩如生。”
這里透露出作者對(duì)寫實(shí)主義雙刃劍效果的警惕，寫實(shí)主義既可以如實(shí)反映真實(shí)世界，也可以將虛假世界描繪的以假亂真。
